温压炸药的特性及发展现状

胡宏伟; 宋浦; 邓国强; 肖川

doi:10.6052/1000-0992-21-021

温压炸药的特性及发展现状

doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-21-021

胡宏伟^1, ,,
宋浦¹,
邓国强²,
肖川³

1.
西安近代化学研究所, 西安 710065
2.
军事科学院国防工程研究院, 北京 100036
3.
中国兵器科学研究院, 北京 100089

详细信息

作者简介:
胡宏伟, 男, 1982年生, 研究员, 中国兵器科学家培养计划人才, 国防科技工业弹药自动装药技术创新中心特聘专家, 某重大工程论证组成员, 中国力学学会爆炸力学专业委员会爆轰专业组成员, 第三届全国爆炸力学优秀青年, 主要从事爆炸力学、战斗部技术和高效毁伤技术等研究. 作为负责人主持了高新工程项目1项, 某重大专项2项, 省部级科研项目9项, 参研了国家863、国防973、海军演示验证等重大科研任务. 获得军队科技进步二等奖和国防科技进步三等奖各1项, 发表论文30余篇, 授权国防专利20余项

通讯作者:
hhw505@163.com

中图分类号: TG156
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-04-23
- 录用日期: 2021-10-06
- 网络出版日期: 2021-10-09
- 刊出日期: 2022-03-21

Characteristics of thermobaric explosives and their advances

1.
Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 71065, China
2.
Institute of Defense Engineering, AMS, PLA, Beijing 100036, China
3.
China Research and Development Academy of Machinery Equipment Beijing, 10089, China

More Information

Corresponding author: hhw505@163.com

摘要

摘要: 温压炸药的爆炸涉及到起爆、爆轰、冲击波的传播与反射、多相湍流和多模化学反应等, 是一个多尺度、多物质、多因素、多物理场耦合过程, 深化温压炸药高效释能的关键基础理论, 揭示温压爆炸的反应机理并有效控制和利用是温压武器创新发展的关键科学问题, 对高威力温压炸药的配方设计、温压武器的研制和使用具有重要指导意义. 本文描述了温压爆炸的基本原理, 讨论了温压炸药的概念和内涵, 从炸药种类、释能特点、能量构成、爆炸反应机制、爆炸效应增强机理、杀伤机制等方面阐述了温压炸药的特征, 分析了温压炸药有限空间内部爆炸威力的评估方法以及温压炸药的研发状况, 并提出了相关发展建议, 以期为高威力温压炸药的设计、温压弹的研制及毁伤评估提供指导.
- 温压炸药 /
- 增强爆炸炸药 /
- 体爆轰 /
- 温压效应 /
- 有限空间
Abstract: The detonation of thermobaric explosives involves ignition, detonation, propagation and reflection of shock wave, multi-phase turbulence, and multi-mode chemical reaction. It is a coupling process of multi-scale, multi-material, multi-factor, and multi-physical field. A deep understanding of the detonation mechanism of thermobaric explosion and effective control and utilization of the explosion are critical to the innovation and development of thermobaric weapons. It can guide the design, development and applications of high-power thermobaric explosives and weapons. Firstly, this paper describes the origin of thermobaric explosives and the basic principle of thermobaric explosion, and discusses the concept and connotation of thermobaric explosives. Secondly, the characteristics of thermobaric explosives from the aspects of explosive kinds, energy release characteristics, energy composition, blast reaction mechanism, blast effect enhancement mechanism and killing mechanism are elaborated. And then the evaluation method of explosion power of thermobaric explosives in confined space and the state of art of thermobaric explosives were summarized. Finally, we give some relevant suggestions that wcould provide guidance for the design of high power thermobaric explosive, the development of thermobaric bombs and damage assessment.
- thermobaric explosives /
- enhanced blast explosives /
- volumetric detonation /
- thermobaric effect /
- confined space

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图 1 (a) 俄制ODAB-500PM型温压弹, (b) 俄军使用温压弹打击叙利亚恐怖分子 (2019年叙利亚战争)

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图 2 温压炸药有限空间内部爆炸的三个阶段(Arnold & Rottenkolber 2007, 2008)

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图 3 HE, TBX和EBX的爆炸波压力历程 (Trzciński et al. 2015)

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图 4 爆轰过程的热力学路径 (P-V图) (1 atm = 101.325 kPa) (Arnold & Rottenkolber 2007)

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图 5 燃烧过程的热力学路径 (P-V图) (Arnold & Rottenkolber 2007)

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图 6 空中和有限空间内爆炸的压力−时间波形图. (a) 自由空气中(胡宏伟等2013), (b) 结构内部爆炸(Richard et al. 2006)

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图 7 有限空间内反射冲击波对金属粒子和混合的影响(Michael et al. 2005)

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图 8 开放空间的杀伤机制 (Wildegger-Gaissmaier 2003)

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图 9 坑道内爆炸的杀伤机理示意图 (Wildegger-Gaissmaier 2003)

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图 10 球型装药开放空间爆炸的冲击波扩展过程和压力-时间波形. (a) 冲击波扩展过程, (b) 冲击波压力-时间曲线 (Wildegger-Gaissmaier 2003)

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图 11 球型装药密闭空间的冲击波扩展过程和波形. (a) 冲击波扩展过程, (b) 冲击波压力−时间曲线 (Wildegger-Gaissmaier 2003)

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图 12 试验装置和试验布局示意图. (a) 传感器和装药布局示意图, (b) 试验装置

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图 13 屋顶举起实验装置. (a) 起爆之前顶盖位置, (b) 起爆后顶盖位置. (胡宏伟等2016)

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图 14 某炸药的顶盖位移−时间曲线 (胡宏伟等2016)

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表 1 不同类型温压炸药/装药的反应特征及应用环境对比


类型	装药结构	作用过程	反应类型	反应尺度	应用环境
FAE	内外层结构, 内层高爆炸药, 外层液态或液固混合燃料	抛洒、二次起爆、爆轰	爆轰	数百毫秒	开放环境
TBX	全固态装药固液混合物	爆轰、抛洒、引燃	爆轰、爆燃、燃烧	数微秒至秒	密闭环境
EBX	单一固体装药	爆轰、抛洒、引燃	爆轰、爆燃	数微秒至百毫秒	密闭环境
SFE	内外层结构, 内层高爆炸药, 外层固态粉末燃料	爆轰、抛洒、引燃	爆燃、燃烧	数百毫秒	密闭环境


注: 表中FAE是为了对比温压炸药与燃料空气炸药的区别.

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表 2 TNT爆轰能的计算值


过程	爆轰能量/(kJ·kg⁻¹)		能量类型
冲击压缩	−1.41
等熵膨胀	5.94
等压冷却	4.53	4.53	爆轰机械能
		0.08	爆轰热能
		4.61	爆轰总能量

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表 3 空气中燃烧热的计算值


过程	燃烧能量/(kJ·kg⁻¹)		能量类型
冲击压缩	0.0
等熵膨胀	6.4
等压冷却	6.4	6.4	燃烧机械能
		8.1	燃烧热能
		14.5	燃烧总能量

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表 4 典型炸药在自由空气中和密闭空间内爆炸威力


炸药	自由场 (TNT当量)		准静态压力 (Tritonal 当量)
炸药	平均压力	平均冲量	2.0 kg	3.0 kg	3.5 kg
TNT	1	1
Tritonal			1	1	1
DXD-09	1.05	1.69	1.04	1.05
DXD-10	1.27	1.68	0.84	1.02
DXD-18	0.93	1.36	1.07	1.16	1.11

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表 5 几种炸药的内爆炸试验结果


炸药	组分	ρ/(g·cm⁻³)	Δp_m/MPa	I/(Pa·s)	$x $_max/m	EAEI/(Pa·s)
IH-135	HMX/Al/R45	1.33	0.414	896.4	0.356	1185.9
RAX-16	HMX/Al/GAP	1.62	0.276	868.8	0.312	1110.1
PBX-109	RDX/Al/R45	1.64	0.331	724.0	0.383	1227.3
YJ-15	proprietary	1.78	0.579	730.9	0.384	1227.3

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表 6 候选炸药配方


炸药	组分	ρ/(g·cm⁻³)
PBXIH-135	HMX/Al/HTPB	1.68
PBXIH-135EB	HMX/Al/PCP-TMETN	1.79
PBXIH-136	RDX/AP/Al/PCP-TMETN	2.03
PBXIH-18	HMX/Al/Hytemperature/DOA	1.92
PBXIH-18 mod.1	HMX/Al/Hytemperature/DOA	1.77
PBXIH-18 mod.2	HMX/Al/Hytemperature/DOA	1.84
HAS-4	HMX/Al/HTPB	1.65
HAS-4 EB	HMX/Al/PCP-TMETN	1.73
Talley Mix 5672	Al/Zr/IPN/Ethyl Cellulose(32/40/26.75/1.25)	2.21

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map

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