城市大气环境的大涡模拟研究进展

崔桂香; 张兆顺; 许春晓; 黄伟希

doi:10.6052/1000-0992-13-016

城市大气环境的大涡模拟研究进展

doi: 10.6052/1000-0992-13-016

清华大学工程力学系, 北京100084

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(11132005, 10925210, 11002081); 国家科技部支撑项目(MOST-2011BAK07B01-03)和清华大学高性能计算平台项目资助.

详细信息

作者简介:
崔桂香, 教授, 博士生导师; 中国力学学会环境力学专业委员会副主任. 1977年清华大学工程力学系流体力学专业毕业, 留校任教; 1982 年获得清华大学流体力学专业工学硕士学位; 研究方向: 湍流及大涡模拟, 城市大气环境与复杂流动数值模拟. 科学研究: 多年从事湍流基础研究、大涡模拟和城市大气环境数值模拟研究, 在标量湍流、大涡模拟模式和城市大气环境数值研究中取得重要成果, 发表论文百余篇, 并合作出版了3 部教材和专著.

通讯作者:
崔桂香,cgx@tsinghua.edu.cn

中图分类号: O355
计量
- 文章访问数: 3234
- HTML全文浏览量: 251
- PDF下载量: 7716
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2013-03-05
- 修回日期: 2013-04-19
- 刊出日期: 2013-05-25

Research advances in large eddy simulation of urban atmospheric environment

Department of Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Funds: The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11132005,10925210,11002081),The National Science and Technology Support Program （2011BAK07B01-03) and Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology.

More Information

Corresponding author: CUI Guixiangy

摘要

摘要: 本文回顾城市大气污染扩散的研究实践与进展, 介绍城市大气环境流动的特点和用现代计算流体力学手段开展城市大气环境的大涡模拟研究方法, 包括: 数学模型, 控制方程、亚网格湍流模式、定解条件及其数值方法. 其中, 重点介绍中尺度到微尺度的耦合模型与适用于复杂城市下垫面(满足大涡模拟分辨率要求且计算量较小)的组合模型;并给出实际算例和结果分析, 包括准确度的统计估算和湍流特性等. 最后, 讨论城市大气环境数值模拟方法进一步改进的方向和城市大气环境流动与污染物扩散数值研究应重点关注的几个问题.
- 城市大气环境 /
- 大涡模拟 /
- 多尺度耦合 /
- 下垫面模型
Abstract: In this paper, we review practices and progresses in the study of pollution dispersion in urban atmosphere. We introduce the inherent features of urban environmental flow, as well as the application of a modern computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method, namely, the large eddy simulation for the study of urban atmospheric environment. We describe the mathematical model, governing equations, subgrid scale model, well-posed initial-boundary conditions and numerical method. In this paper, we focus on a coupling scheme between meso- and micro-scale motions, and a combined underlying surface model for the complex urban canopy, which satisfies the resolution requirements with relatively lower computing load. Practical simulations are presented and analyzed, including the statistical estimation of reliability and the turbulent characteristics, etc. Finally, further improvements needed for numerical methods of urban environment simulations are pointed out, and a number of key scientific problems are raised for numerical studies on urban environmental flows and pollution dispersion.
- urban atmospheric environment /
- large eddy simulation /
- multi-scale coupling /
- underlying surface model

HTML全文

参考文献(77)

[1]	Allwine K J, Shinn J H, Streit G E, Clawson K L, Brown M. 2002. Overview of Urban 2000: A multiscale fieldstudy of dispersion through an urban environment.Bulletin American Meteorol Soc, 83: 521-536
[2]	Allwine K J, Leach M J, Stockham L W, Shinn J S, Hosker R P, Bowers J F, Pace J C. 2004 Overview of Joint Urban 2003 - an atmospheric dispersion study in Oklahoma City. Preprints, 84th AMS Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J7.1
[3]	ASTM. 2000. Standard guide for statistical evaluation of atmosphericdispersion model performance. American Society for Testing and Materials,Designation D 6589-00. ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA,19428-2959
[4]	Baik J J, Kim J J, Fernando H J S. 2003. A CFD model for simulatingurban flow and dispersion. J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 1636-1648
[5]	Baik J J, Park S B. 2009 Urban flow and dispersion simulation using CFDmodel coupled to a mesoscale model. J. Appl. Meteorol Clim.,48: 1667-1681
[6]	Belcher S E. (Leading Researcher) 2002. URGENT air science Project.UW ERN meteorology program, European Commission.
[7]	Belcher S E, Jerram N, Hunt J C R. 2003. Adjustment of a turbulent boundarylayer to a canopy of roughness elements. J. Fluid Mech., 488: 369-398
[8]	Bohrer G Katul, G G, Walko R L, Avissor R. 2009. Exploring the effects of microscale structuralheterogeneity of forest canopies using large-eddy simulation. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 132: 352-382
[9]	Bonan G B. 2008. Ecological Climatology, Concepts and Applications. SecondEdition. Cambridge University Press
[10]	Bou-Zeid E, Overney J, Rogers B D. 2009. The effects of buildingsrepresentation and clustering in large eddy simulation of flows in urbancanopies. Bound-Layer Meteorol, 132: 415-436
[11]	Britter R E, Hanna, S R. 2003. Flow and dispersion in urban areas.Annu Rev Fluid Mech, 35: 469-496
[12]	Brown M J. 2000. Urban parameterization for meso-scale meteorological models.in: Meso-scale Atmospheric Dispersion, Boyteyi Z. ed., WIT Press. 193-252
[13]	Camelli F E, Löhner R, Hanna S R. 2005. Dispersion patterns in a heterogeneous urban area. MecánicaComputacional, Larreteguy A.ed., Buenos Aires, Argentina, XXIV: 1339-1354
[14]	Castro F A, Santos C S, Costa J C. 2010. Development of a meso-microscale coupling procedure for site assessmentin complex terrain. EuropeanWind Energy Conference and Exhibition, Warsaw
[15]	陈建华,王玮,刘红杰, 岳欣, 李红, 汤大钢. 2005.北京市交通路口大气颗粒物污染特征研究(I)－大气颗粒物污染特征及其影响因素. 环境科学研究. 18: 34-38 (Chen J H, Wang W,Liu H J, Yue X, Li H, Tang D G. 2005. Pulltion property of particulates in the air at the traffic crossing in Beijing.Part I: Pollution property of particulates in the air and its affecting factors. Research ofEnvironmental Sciences, 18: 34-38 (in Chinese))
[16]	Cheng H, Castro I P. 2002. Near wall flow over urban-likeroughness, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 104: 229-259
[17]	Coceal O, Belcher S E. 2004. A canopy model of mean winds through urbanareas. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 130: 1349-137
[18]	Collier C G. 2006. The impact of urban areas on weather. Q J RoyMeteor Soc, 132: 1-25
[19]	Davidson M J, Mylne K R, Jones C D, Phillips J C, Perkins R J. 1995. Plumedispersion through large groups of obstacles a field investigation. Atmospheric Environment, 29: 3245-3256
[20]	Davidson M J, Snyder W H, Lawson R E, Hunt J C R. 1996. Wind tunnel simulationsof plume dispersion through groups of obstacles. AtmosphericEnvironment, 30: 3715-3731
[21]	Davidson P A, Kaneda Y, Moffat K, Sreenivasan K. 2011. A Voyage ThroughTurbulence. Cambridge University Press
[22]	Deardoff J. 1974. Three-dimensional numerical study of the height and meanstructure of a heated planetary boundary layer. Boundary-LayerMeteorology, 7: 81-106
[23]	Dudhia J. 1993. A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State--NCAR mesoscalemodel: Validation tests and simulation of an Atlantic cyclone and coldfront. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121: 1493-1513
[24]	Finnigan J. Turbulence in plant canopy. 2000. Annual Reviewof Fluid Mechanics, 32: 519-571
[25]	Fernando H J S. 2010. Flow dynamics of urban atmospheres in complex terrain.Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 42: 365-389
[26]	Franke J. 2006. Recommendations of the COST action C14 on the use of CFD in predicting pedestrian windenvironment. in: The Fourth InternationalSymposium on Computational Wind Engineering
[27]	Germano M, Piomelli U, Moin P, Cabot W H. 1991. A dynamic subgrid scale eddyviscosity model. Phys Fluids A, 3:~1760-1765
[28]	Gousseau P, Blocken B, Stathopoulos T, van Heijst G J H. 2011. CFD simulation of near-field pollutantdispersion on a high-resolution grid: A case study by LES and RANS for a building group in downtown Montreal. AtmosphericEnvironment, 45: 428-438
[29]	郝吉明, 何东全, 傅立新. 1999. 澳门城区机动车污染评价研究. 见：第一届澳门环境与城市发展研讨会科学论文集, 澳门:澳门基金会出版, 18-29 (Hao J M, He D Q, Fu L X. 1999. The study on the evaluation of traffic pollution in downtownMacao. in: Proceedings of the First Workshop on theEnvironment and City Development of Macao. 18-29. (in Chinese))
[30]	Hanna S R, Chang J C. 1992. Boundary layer parameterizations for applieddispersion modeling over urban areas. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,58: 229-259
[31]	Hanna S R, Tehranian S, Carissimo B, MacDonald R W, Lohner R. 2002.Comparisons of model simulations with observations of mean flow andturbulence within simple obstacle arrays. Atmospheric Environment,36: 5067-5079
[32]	Hanna S R, Hansen O R, Dharmavaram S. 2004. FLACS CFD air quality modelperformance evaluation with Kit Fox, MUST, Prairie Grass, and EMUobservations. Atmospheric Environment, 38: 2675-2687
[33]	Huang J, Cassiani M, Albertson J D. 2009. The effect of vegetation density on coherent turbulent structurewithin the canopy sublayer: A large-eddysimulation study. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 133: 253-275
[34]	Hunter L J, Johnson G T, Watson I D. 1992. An investigation of three-dimensionalcharacteristics of flow regimes within the urban canyon. AtmosphericEnvironment, 26B: 425-432
[35]	Jiang W M, Miao S G, Liu H N, Wang X Y. 2003. Comparison and analysis of pollutionmodeling of a city sub-domain scale model with wind tunnel experiment.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 23: 652-656
[36]	蒋维楣, 苗世光. 2004大涡模拟与大气边界层研究－30年回顾与展望. 自然科学进展, 14: 11-19 (Jiang W M, Miao S G.2004. 30 years review and perspective of the research on the large eddy simulation and atmospheric boundary layer. Advances inNature Sciences, 14: 11-19 (in Chinese))
[37]	Kalitzin J, Iaccarino G. 2003. Towards of immersed boundary method of highRenolds number flows. Annual Reserch Brief, Center forTurbulence Research, NASA Ames and Stanford University, 369-378
[38]	Lee S H, Song C K. Baik, J J, Park S U. 2009. Estimation of anthropogenic heat emission in the Gyeong---inregion of Korea. Theoretical and AppliedClimatology, 96: 291-303
[39]	Lee S H. 2011. Further development of the vegetated urban canopy modelincluding a grass-covered surface, Parametrization and photosynthesiseffect. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 140: 315-343
[40]	刘罡, 蒋维楣,罗云峰. 2005. 非均匀下垫面边界层研究现状与展望.地球科学进展, 20: 223-230 (Liu G, Jiang W M, Lu YF. 2005. Status quo and prospects of researches on atmospheric boundary layer over inhomogeneous underly ing surface.Advancesin Earth Sciences, 20: 223-230 (in Chinese))
[41]	Liu Y S, Cui G X, Wang Z S, Zhang Z S. 2011. Large eddy simulation of wind fieldand pollutant dispersion in downtown Macao. AtmosphericEnvironment, 45: 2849-2859
[42]	Liu Y S, Miao S G, Zhang C L, Cui G X, Zhang Z S. 2012. Study onmicro-atmospheric environment by coupling large eddy simulation withmesoscale model. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrialaerodyanmics, 107: 106-117
[43]	苗世光,张朝林,江晓燕, 高华. 2006a. 城市小区气象条件与污染扩散精细预报研究. 环境科学学报, 26: 1729-1736 (Miao SG, Zhang C L, Jiang X Y, Gao H. 2006a. Research on the forecast of meteorological condition andpollutant diffusion on urban neighborhood scale. Acta Scientiae Circunstantiae, 26: 1729-1736. (in Chinese))
[44]	苗世光,蒋维楣,王晓云, 张宁,季崇萍,李炬. 2002. 城市小区气象与污染扩散数值模式建立的研究. 环境科学学报, 22:478-483 (Miao S G, Jiang W M, Wang X Y, Zhang N, Ji C P, Li J. 2002. Numerical simulation of meteorology and pollutantdifusion in urban sub-domain. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 22: 478-483. (in Chinese))
[45]	Miao S G, Jiang W M,Wang X Y. 2006b. Impact assessment of urban meteorology and atmospheric environment using urban sub-domain planning.Boundary Layer Meteorology, 118: 133-150
[46]	Miao S G, Jiang W M, Wang X Y. 2002.城市小区气象与污染扩散数值模式建立的研究. Research of EnvironmentalSciences, 22(4): 478-483 (in Chinese).
[47]	Manhart M, Wengle H. 1993. A spatio-temporal decomposition of a fullyinhomogeneous turbulent flow field. Theoretical and Computational FluidMechanics, 5: 223-242
[48]	Mason V. 2006. Urban surface modeling and the meso-scale impact of cities.Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 84: 35-45
[49]	Meneveau C, Lund T S, Cabot W H. 1996. A Lagrangian dynamic subgrid-scalemodel of turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 319: 353-385
[50]	孟健, 付桦, 赵晓林, 张薇薇, 宋美霞. 2006. 北京西三环路分时段车流量分析. 首都师范大学学报 (自然科学版), 27:89-98. (Meng J, Fu H, Zhao X L, Zhang W W, Song M X. 2006. The investigation and analyze of the third ring'stransportation situation in Beijing. Journal of Capital Normal University (Natural Science Edition),27: 89-98 (in Chinese))
[51]	Mittal R, Iaccarino G. 2005. Immersed boundary method. Annu Rev FluidMech., 37: 239-261
[52]	Mohd-Yusof J. 1997. Combined immersed-boundary/B-spline methods forsimulations of flow in complex geometries. Annual ResearchBriefs, Center for Turbulence Research, NASA Ames and StanfordUniversity, 317
[53]	Noilhan J, Planton S. 1989. A simple parameterization of land surface processfor meteorological models. Monthly Weather Review, 117: 536-549
[54]	Oke T R. 1988. Street design and urban canopy layer climate. Energyof Building, 11: 103-113
[55]	Peskin C S. 1972. Flow patterns around heart valves: A numerical method.J. Comput. Phys., 10: 252-271
[56]	Ren D, Xue M, Henderson-Seller A. 2004. Incorporating hydraulic lift into aland surface model and its effects on surface moisture prediction. Journalof Hydrometeorology, 5: 1181-1191
[57]	Roberts S M, Oke T R, Grimmond C S B, Voogt J A. 2006. Comparison of four methods to estimate urban heatstorage. Journal of Applied Meteorology andClimatology, 45:~1766-1781
[58]	Roth M. 2006. Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 126: 941-990
[59]	Sagaut P. 2002. Large Eddy Simulation for Incompressible Flows.Springer
[60]	Schumann U. 1975. Subgrid-scale model for finite difference simulation ofturbulent flow in plan channels and annuli. Journal of ComputationalPhysics, 18: 376-404
[61]	Shi R F, Cui G X, Wang Z S, Xu X C, Zhang Z S. 2008. Large eddy simulation of wind fieldand plume dispersion in building array. Atmospheric Environment,42: 1083-1097
[62]	Sini J F, Anquetin S, Mestayer P G. 1996. Pollutant dispersion and thermaleffects in urban street canyons. Atmospheric Environment, 30: 2659-2677
[63]	Skamarock W C, Klemp J B, Dudhia J, Gill D O, Barker D M, Duda M G, Huang X Y, Wang W, Powers J G. 2008. ADescription of the Advanced Research WRF (version 3). NCAR Tech. Note TN-475+STR.
[64]	Smagorinsky J. 1963. General circulation experiments with the primitiveequations: I. Monthly Weather Review, 91: 99-164
[65]	Stewart I D, Oke T R. 2009a. Newly developed `Thermal Climate Zones' for defining and measuring heat islandmagnitude in the canopy layer. Reprints, T. R Oke Symposium and Eight Symposium on UrbanEnvironment, January 11-15, Phoenix, AZ.
[66]	Tominaga Y, Mochida A, Yoshie R, Kataoka H, Noza T, Yoshikawa M, Shirawawa T. 2008. AIJ guidelines for practicalapplication of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around buildings.J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerod, 96: 1749-1761
[67]	Tseng Y H, Meneveau C, Parlange M B. 2006. Modeling flow around bluff bodiesand predicting urban dispersion using large eddy simulation. Environ.Sci. Technol., 40: 2653-2662
[68]	Vinuesa J, Galmarini S. 2009. Turbulent dispersion of non-uniformly emittedpassive tracer inthe convective boundary layer. Boundary-LayerMeteorol, 133: 1-16
[69]	吴烨, 郝吉明, 傅立新. 2002. 澳门半岛机动车排放污染物的浓度空间分布研究. 上海环境科学, 21: 338-341 (Wu Y, Hao JM, Fu L X. 2002. Study on spatial distribution of air pollutant concentrations from mobile sources in urban area ofMacao. Shanghai Environmental Sciences, 21: 338-341 (in Chinese))
[70]	Wynwaard J C. 2010.~Turbulence in the Atmosphere. CambridgeUniversity Press, 217-229
[71]	Xie Z T, Castro I P. 2008. Efficient generation of inflow conditions for large eddy simulation of street-scaleflows, Flow Turbulence andCombustion, 81: 449-470
[72]	Xie Z T, Castro I P. 2009. Large-eddy simulation for flow and dispersion inurban streets. Atmospheric Environment, 43: 2174-2185
[73]	Xue M, Droegemeier K K, Wong V. 2000. The advanced regional prediction system (ARPS) --- A multiscalenonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction tool. Part I: Model dynamics and verification. MeteorologicalandAtmospheric Physics, 75: 161-193
[74]	Xue M, Droegemeier K K, Wong V, Shapiro A, Brewster K, Carr F, Weber D, Liu Y, Wang D H. 2001. The advancedregional prediction system (ARPS) --- A multiscale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction tool. Part II:Model physics and application. Meteorological and AtmosphericPhysics, 76: 134-165
[75]	Yakhot V, Orszag S A, Thangam S, Gatski T B, Speziale C G. 1992.Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansiontechnique. Phys. Fluids, A4: 1510-1520
[76]	Yassin M F, Kato S, Ooka R, Takahashi T, Kouno R. 2005. Field and wind-tunnel study ofpollutant dispersion in a built-up area under various meteorologicalconditions. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 93: 361-382
[77]	张兆顺,崔桂香,许春晓. 2008. 湍流大涡数值模拟的理论和应用. 北京：清华大学出版社 (Zhang Z S, Cui G X, Xu C X.2008. Theory and Applications of Large EddySimulation. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press (in Chinese))