Applications and prospects of magnetohydrodynamics in aeronautical engineering
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摘要: 介绍了磁流体动力学在航空工程中的主要应用方式, 主要包括: 磁流体冲压组合发动机、磁流体涡轮组合发动机、燃烧室后磁流体发电、表面磁流体发电、磁流体加速风洞、磁流体推力矢量、进气道大尺寸磁流体流动控制、边界层分离流动控制、边界层转捩控制、飞行器头部热流控制等; 探讨了磁流体技术在应用中存在的关键科学与技术问题, 对导电流体的产生、磁流体实验设备与实验技术、多场耦合机理及数值模拟方法等进行了分析; 最后对磁流体技术在航空工程上的应用与发展进行了总结与展望.Abstract: This article reviews the applications of magnetohydrodynamics in aeronauti-cal engineering, including magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) combined ramjet, MHD combined turbine engine, post combustion chamber MHD power generation, surface MHD power gen- eration, MHD acceleration wind tunnel, MHD thrust-vectoring, large-size MHD flow control, boundary layer separation flow control, boundary layer transition control, and air vehicle head heat flow control. In addition, this article discusses the key scientific and techni-cal problems in MHD applications, and analyzes the conductive fluid generation, MHD experimental equipment and experimental technology, multi-field coupling mechanism and numerical simulation methods. At last, this article reviews and envision the applications of MHD in aeronautical engineering.
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Key words:
- magnetohydrodynamics /
- MHD power generation /
- MHD acceleration /
- MHD flow control /
- plasma
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图 1 AJAX概念示意图(Gurijanov & Harsha 1996)
图 3 磁流体涡轮组合发动机示意图(Blankson & Schneider 2003)
图 4 磁流体发电在高超声速飞行器上的潜在应用(Vanwie, Nedungadi 2004).(a)AJAX类型,(b)燃烧室后磁流体发电,(c)携带磁流体发电系统,(d)表面磁流体发电
图 5 磁流体反向能量旁路概念(Miles et al.2005)
图 7 磁流体矢量控制(Mikhail & Sergey 2005)
图 8 高超声速进气道面临的挑战及其策略(Vanwie & Nedungadi 2004)
图 9 进气道激波系调控.(a)大于设计马赫数(b)小于设计马赫数(Vanwie & Nedungadi 2004)
图 12 (a)出口马赫数与负载系数之间的关系(b)提取电能、动能减少量与负载系数之间的关系(Blankson & Schneider 2003)
图 13 独立型磁流体发电系统方案(Moeller et al.2008)
图 14 嵌入式磁流体发电系统方案(Lineberry et al.2006,2007)
图 16 再入飞行器表面高温气流磁流体发电(Miles et al.2005)
图 17 俄罗斯高温科学院表面磁流体发电(Bityurin et al.2005)
图 18 盘式磁流体功率提取通道.(a)盘式磁流体功率提取通道结构(b)盘式磁流体功率提取通道实物(Murakamia & Okuno 2008)
图 19 基于平衡电离磁流体加速的高超声速风洞示意图(1-加热器2-混合室,3-种子注入,4-初级喷管,5-磁流体加速器,6-第二级喷管7-试验段)(Alferov 2000)
图 20 RDHWT/MARIAH风洞(Wilson et al.2004)
图 21 RDHWT/MARIAH风洞运行过程焓熵图(Wilson et al.2004)
图 22 超高压气源装置(Ring et al.2002)
图 23 电子束电离及加速设备(Ring et al.2002)
图 25 不同方向洛伦兹力作用下的激波纹影.(a)加速洛伦兹力作用(b)减速洛伦兹力作用(Bobashev et al.2002)
图 26 (a)基于电子束电离的磁流体激波系示意图(b)非设计状态控制马赫数分布图(Shneider et al.2003,Macheret et al.2004)
图 27 不同方向洛伦兹力作用下的压力测试结果(Nishihara et al.2003,2004)
图 29 电弧放电控制激波的实验(Leonov et al.2005)
图 30 来流速度马赫数3情况下有无激励时的激波纹影与马赫数云图(Falempin et al.2015)
图 31 弧放电等离子体气动激励的激波控制示意图(Wang et al.2009)
图 32 有无电弧等离子体放电激波强度对比曲线(Wang et al.2009)
图 33 磁流体减速激励和加速激励控制激波实验研究.(a)基准图像(b)磁流体减速激励(电压1 600 V),(c)磁流体加速激励(电压1 600 V)(d)加减速对比分析(苏长兵 2010)
图 34 边界层磁流体激励(Zaidi et al.2006)
图 35 SWBLI区的纹影图.(a)未加激励(0 mA)(b)施加激励(60 mA,4.5 T)(Kalra et al.2007)
图 37 美国普伦斯顿大学的电离方案(Macheret et al.2001)
图 38 电子数密度随时间变化(Zhukov et al.2006)
图 39 美国NASA埃姆斯研究中心的实验系统(Bogdanoff & Mehta 2003)
图 42 燃烧室后磁流体发电实验(Moeller et al.2008)
图 43 超燃冲压发动机燃烧室后磁流体发电实验(Lineberry et al.2006)
图 44 实验装置示意与实物图(Nishihara et al.2006,2007)
图 45 测试段截面示意图(Murray et al.2007)
图 46 实验装置示意图(Bobashev et al.2006)
图 49 磁流体加速器的种类.(a)连续法拉第型加速器(b)分段法拉第型加速器,(c)霍尔型加速器,(d)斜联型加速器(e)壁面斜联型加速器(Litchford et al.2002)
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