Abstract: The seabed mineral resources are abundant, but the environment is complex and nasty, which poses great harm to the exploitation system of deep-sea mineral resources. This paper briefly describes the development process of deep-sea mineral resources exploitation system at home and abroad and several typical deep-sea resource exploitation systems. Based on the complex and changeable sea conditions, the key mechanical problems and technical challenges involved in deep-sea mineral resources exploitation system are put forward. The technical challenges faced by the mining system at present are summarized from the main key parts, such as the overall design and integrated control of the mining system, the dynamic performance control of mining truck collection, the dynamic characteristics of riser conveying system, environmental monitoring and evaluation.