流向磁场作用下圆柱绕流的直接数值模拟
DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS ON THE TURBULENT FLOW PAST A CONFINED CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITH THE INFLUENCE OF THE STREAMWISE MAGNETIC FIELDS
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摘要: 绕流是托卡马克装置中液态包层内常见的流动形态,对流场与热量分布有着重要的影响.本文通过直接数值模拟(DNS),研究了不同磁场强度下Re=3900的圆柱绕流,分析了磁场强度对于湍流尾迹的影响.无磁场情况下,直接数值模拟的结果与前人的实验及模拟结果吻合很好.圆柱下游的尾迹中,随着流向距离的增大, 流向速度剖面逐渐从U型进化呈V型, 并慢慢趋于平缓,这表明尾迹中的流动结构受圆柱影响逐渐减小.圆柱后方两侧的剪切层中,由于Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性的影响,可以清晰地看到小尺度剪切层涡的脱落.通过对无磁场的计算结果施加流向磁场,本文计算了哈特曼数(Ha)分别为20, 40和80的工况,以研究磁场效应对于湍流的影响.结果表明磁场较弱时,流动依然呈三维湍流状态.随着磁场增强, 近圆柱尾流区受磁场抑制明显,回流区被拉长,剪切层失稳位置向下游转移.圆柱后方的涡结构由于受到竖直方向洛伦兹力的挤压作用,随着哈特曼数的增加尾迹区域逐渐变窄.相比于无磁场情况的涡结构,由于磁场的耗散作用,相应的涡结构尺度变小.该研究不仅扩展了现有磁场下湍流运动的参数范围,对于液态包层的设计及安全运行同样具有重要的理论指导意义和工程应用价值.Abstract: The flow around a cylinder is a typical flow pattern in the liquid metal blanket in Tokomak fusion device, which reveals significant influence on the relevant flow and heat transfer. In the present work, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNSs) are performed to study the turbulent flows past a circular cylinder at Re=3900 under magnetic fields. For the case without magnetic fields, the DNS results are in good agreement with the available experimental and numerical results. With the increase of the flow distance in the downstream wake of the cylinder, the mean streamwise velocity profile varies from U-shaped to V-shaped and flattens out, indicating that the influence of cylinder on the flow structures weakens gradually. Within the shear layers, because of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, the shedding of the small-scale shear vortices can be observed clearly through the flow visualization. Taking the results of non-magnetic field as the initial condition, the magnetic fields along the streamwise direction are applied, where the corresponding Hartmann numbers (Ha) are 20, 40 and 80. When the magnetic field is weak, the three-dimensional turbulent properties are still clear, although the magnetic field inhibits the velocity field. As the magnetic field increases, the recirculation zone behind the cylinder is elongated. The shear layers near the cylinder become smoother and the corresponding destabilizing position shift downstream. Since the vortices in the wake are squeezed by Lorentz force in the vertical direction, the Karman vortex street gradually gets narrow with the increase of magnetic field. Meanwhile, the scale of the vortex structures becomes smaller compared with those without magnetic fields because of the dissipation effect of magnetic fields. This research not only extends the parameter range of turbulence under magnetic fields, but also shows important theoretical guiding value and engineering application value for the design and safe operation of the blanket.